I've chatted a bit with the author, but not actually tried the language. It looks very interesting, and a clear improvement. I'm not particularly quiet about not liking Go[1].
I do think there may be a limit to how far it can be improved, though. Like typed nil means that a variable of an interface type (say coming from pure Go code) should enter Lisette as Option<Option<http.Handler>>. Sure, one can match on Some(Some(h)) to not require two unwrapping steps, but it becomes a bit awkward anyway. (note: this double-Option is not a thing in Lisette at least as of now)
Lisette also doesn't remove the need to call defer (as opposed to RAII) in the very awkward way Go does. E.g. de facto requiring that you double-close on any file opened for write.
Typescript helps write javascript, but that's because until WASM there was no other language option to actually run in the browser. So even typescript would be a harder sell now that WASM can do it. Basically, why try to make Go more like Rust when Rust is right there? And fair enough, the author may be aiming for somewhere in between. And then there's the issue of existing codebases; not everything is greenfield.
So this seems best suited for existing Go codebases, or when one (for some reason) wants to use the Go runtime (which sure, it's at least nicer than the Java runtime), but with a better language. And it does look like a better language.
So I guess what's not obvious to me (and I mentioned this to the author) is what's the quick start guide to having the next file be in Lisette and not Go. I don't think this is a flaw, but just a matter of filling in some blanks.
Golang does have a lot of weird flaws/gotchas, but as a language target for a compiler (transpiler) it's actually pretty great!
Syntax is simple and small without too many weird/confusing features, it's cross platform, has a great runtime and GC out of the box, "errors as values" so you can build whatever kind of error mechanism you want on top, green threading, speedy AOT compiler. Footguns that apply when writing Go don't apply so much when just using it as a compile target.
I've been writing a tiny toy functional language targeting Go and it's been really fun.
Go's defer is generally good, but it interacts weirdly with error handling (huge wart on Go language design) and has weird scoping rules (function scoped instead of scope scoped).
> Basically, why try to make Go more like Rust when Rust is right there?
Go gives you access to a compute- and memory-efficient concurrent GC that has few or no equivalents elsewhere. It's a great platform for problem domains where GC is truly essential (fiddling with spaghetti-like reference graphs), even though you're giving up the enormous C-FFI ecosystem (unless you use Cgo, which is not really Go in a sense) due to the incompatibilities introduced by Go's weird user-mode stackful fibers approach.
> Basically, why try to make Go more like Rust when Rust is right there?
The avg developer moves a lot faster in a GC language. I recently tried making a chatbot in both Rust and Python, and even with some experience in Rust I was much faster in Python.
No doubt a chatbot would be built faster if using a less strict language. It wasn't until I started working on larger Python codebases (written by good programmers) that I went "oh no, now I see how this is not an appropriate language".
Similar to how even smaller problems are better suited for just writing a bash script.
When you can have the whole program basically in your head, you don't need the guardrails that prevent problems. Similar to how it's easy to keep track of object ownership with pointers in a small and simple C program. There's no fixed size after which you can no longer say "there are no dangling pointers in this C program". (but it's probably smaller than the size where Python becomes a problem)
My experience writing TUI in Go and Rust has been much better in Rust. Though to be fair, the Go TUI libraries may have improved a lot by now, since my Go TUI experience is older than me playing with Rust's ratatui.
I've also found that traversing a third-party codebase in Python is extremely frustrating and requires lots of manual work (with PyCharm) whereas with Rust, it's just 'Go to definition/implementation' every time from the IDE (RustRover). The strong typing is a huge plus when trying to understand code you didn't write (and I'm not talking LLM-generated).
Only in the old "move fast and break things" sense. RAII augmented with modern borrow checking is not really any syntactically heavier than GC, and the underlying semantics of memory allocations and lifecycles is something that you need to be aware of for good design. There are some exceptions (problems that must be modeled with general reference graphs, where the "lifecycle" becomes indeterminate and GC is thus essential) but they'll be quite clear anyway.
> Only in the old "move fast and break things" sense
No, definitely not only in that sense. GC is a boon to productivity no matter how you slice it, for projects of all sizes.
I think the idea that this is not the case, perhaps stems from the fact that Rust specifically has a better type system than Java specifically, so that becomes the default comparison. But not every GC language is Java. They don't all have lax type systems where you have to tiptoe around nulls. Many are quite strict and are definitely not "move fast and break things" type if languages.
> Go was not satisfied with one billion dollar mistake, so they decided to have two flavors of NULL
Thanks for raising this kind of things in such a comprehensible way.
Now what I don't understand is that TypeScript, even if it was something to make JavaScript more bearable, didn't fix this! TS is even worse in this regard. And yet no one seems to care in the NodeJS ecosystem.
<selfPromotion>That's why I created my own Option type package in NPM in case it's useful for anyone: https://www.npmjs.com/package/fp-sdk </selfPromotion>
TypeScript tried to accurately model (and expose to language services) the actual behavior of JS with regards to null/undefined. In its early days, TypeScript got a lot of reflexive grief for attempting to make JS not JS. Had the TS team attempted to pave over null/undefined rather than modeling it with the best fidelity they could at the time, I think these criticisms would have been more on the mark.
ReasonML / Melange / Rescript are a wholistic approach to this: The issue with stapling an option or result type into Typescript is that your colleagues and LLMs won't used it (ask me how I know).
Your readme would really benefit from code snippets illustrating the library. The context it currently contains is valuable but it’s more what I’d expect at the bottom of the readme as something more like historical context for why you wrote it.
Yup, in my TODO list (I've only recently published this package). For now you can just check the tests, or a SO answer I wrote a while ago (before I published the idea as an npm package): https://stackoverflow.com/a/78937127/544947
Does Go actually have an async story? I know that question risks starting a semantic debate, so let me be more specific.
Go allows creating lightweight threads to the point where it's a good pattern to just spin off goroutines left and right to your heart's content. That's more of a concurrency primitive than async. Sure, you combine it with a channel, and you've created an async future.
The explicit passing of contexts is interesting. I initially thought it would be awkward, but it works well in practice. Except of course when you need to call a blocking API that doesn't take context.
And in environments where you can run a multitasking runtime, that's pretty cool. Rust's async is more ambitious, but has its drawbacks.
Go's concurrency story (I wouldn't call it an async story) is way more yolo, as is the rest of the Go language. And in my experience that Go yolo tends to blow up in more hilarious ways once the system is complex enough.
Both Borgo and now Lisette seem to act as though (T, error) returns are equivalent to a Result<T, error> sum type, but this is not semantically valid in all cases. The io.Reader interface's Read method, for example, specifies not only that (n!=0, io.EOF) is a valid return pattern, but moreover that it is not even an error condition, just a terminal condition. If you treat the two return values as mutually exclusive, you either can't see that you're supposed to stop reading, or you can't see that some number of valid bytes were placed into the buffer. This is probably well known enough to be handled specifically, but other libraries have been known to make creative use of the non-exclusivity in multiple return values too.
To be fair, I feel like the language is widely criticized for this particular choice and it's not a pattern you tend to see with newer APIs.
It's a really valid FFI concern though! And I feel like superset languages like this live or die on their ability to be integrated smoothly side-by-side with the core language (F#, Scala, Kotlin, Typescript, Rescript)
I switch between languages a lot and I'm currently learning PHP. I've found that syntax similarities can be a hazard. I see "function" and I think I'm writing JavaScript, but then I try to concatenate strings with "+" and I realize I'm actually writing PHP and need to use ".". These challenges are especially noticeable in the early days of learning.
These are just syntax differences, which not only are easy to learn but I believe aren't the primary goal of the language, which is to bring the benefits of Rust's type system to Go.
As for int and float64, this comes from Go's number type names. There's int, int64, and float64, but no float. It's similar to how Rust has isize but no fsize.
Writing actual Rust for any GC language (including Golang) would ultimately be quite weird. You'd have to entirely change the way memory is modeled, to account for the restrictions GC introduces. It's similar to the restrictions introduced by having multiple address spaces, except even weirder because every object is its own tiny address space and a reference is just an address space descriptor.
I think "Because (the dev) prefers it that way" is a satisfactory answer. Often, these small languages don't aim to be used in production and become the next big thing. They're made for fun and exploration's sake.
This seems awesome. Seems to address many of my armchair complaints about both Go (inexpensive) and Rust (bloated/complex).
I'm curious what compilation times are like? Are there theoretical reasons it'd be order of magnitude slower than Go? I assume it does much less than the rust compiler...
Relatedly, I'd be curious to see some of the things from Rust this doesn't include, ideally in the docs. Eg I assume borrow checking, various data types, maybe async etc are intentionally omitted?
Really nice work on this. The error messages alone show a lot of care, the "help" hints feel genuinely useful, not just compiler noise.
I'm curious about the compiled Go output though. The Result desugaring gets pretty verbose, which is totally fine for generated code, but when something breaks at runtime you're probably reading Go, not Lisette. Does the LSP handle mapping errors back to source positions?
Also wondering about calling Lisette from existing Go code (not just the other direction). That feels like the hard part for adoption in a mixed codebase.
Is the goal here to eventually be production-ready or is it more of a language design exploration? Either way it's a cool project.
The CLI command `lis run` supports a `--debug` flag to insert `//line source.lis:21:5` directives into the generated Go, so stack traces from runtime errors point back to the original Lisette source positions. The LSP handles compile-time errors, which reference `.lis` files by definition.
Calling Lisette from existing Go is not yet supported and is the harder direction, as you noted. This is on my mind, but the more immediate priority is enabling users to import any Go third-party package from Lisette.
Lisette began as an exploration, but I intend to make it production-ready.
I noticed the project is less than a month old, and you've generated over 300k lines of code here. I'm guessing most of this was written by agents, yes?
I'm asking because your goal is to make it production ready, so what are you doing to assure people this is more than just another vibe coded language (of which there are countless examples by now)?
Thanks for asking! The core of the compiler should be close to 50k LoC, with most of the rest being tests. The project is much older than git history suggests - I started a fresh repository for the initial release after several months of experiments and false starts to find the right direction. LLMs certainly helped e.g. with mechanical tasks like generating tests and refactors where changes cascaded throughout the pipeline, and I also relied on them to understand Hindley-Milner type inference, Lindig for the formatter, and Maranget for exhaustiveness checking.
These things are so common that r/programminglanguages had to ban them, because they were being posted constantly. So my concern is: what differentiates your project from the sea of others exactly like it, which as I've been following them? Usually the main dev grows bored with it quickly when the agent starts having trouble building features and the project is silently abandoned.
I'd always liked the Go runtime but the language is pretty clunky imo and I don't think they will ever improve it (because they don't think anything is wrong with it). However, you have to really dislike the language to use a transpiler.
Something that I don't understand about Rust, or these rustylangs, is the insistence of separating structs and methods. Don't get me wrong, I like named-impl blocks, but why are they the only option? Why can't I put an unnamed-impl block inside the struct? Or better yet just define methods on the struct? What's the point of this and why do these rustylangs never seem to change this?
1. Struct fields are really important in Rust because of auto-traits. Your life as a Rust programmer is easier if all fields fit on the screen, because one of them may be the reason your struct is `!Sync` or whatever.
2. Impl blocks can have different generic bounds from the struct itself, which is a nice shorthand for repeating the same generic bounds for a series of related methods. So you need to be able to write multiple per type anyway. It would he confusing if there was an “implied” impl block to look for as well.
3. It helps emphasize that Rust is a language that wants you to think about the shape of your data.
Hold up... did I miss something, is Mojo open sourced now?
Edit: No it is still not open source. There are still same promises of open sourcing eventually, but there is no source despite the URL and the website claiming it's an open language. What's "open" here is "MAX AI kernels", not Mojo. They refer to this as "750k lines of open source code" https://github.com/modular/modular/tree/main/max/kernels
Spy (https://github.com/spylang/spy) is an early version of this kind of thing. I believe it compiles to C though, kinda like Nim. Actually speaking of Nim, that's probably the most mature language in this space, although it's less pythonic than Spy
F# is very similar to python because it's based on indentation instead of curly braces. And with Fable you can transpile it to Rust (or Python even): https://github.com/fable-compiler/fable
I'm wondering about the logistics of making this integrate with Go at the assembly/object file level rather than at source code level. What if it compiled to Go's assembly rather than to Go source code
Having explored that approach (†), I can tell that generating Go assembly is harder than it seems.
†: I've tried to transpile Rust code through WASM into Go assembly, and I've also explored how to inject trampolines into Go binaries (which involves generating Go assembly too).
That is interesting, but I imagine Rust has features which can not be translated into Go's assembly. This language is specifically designed for Go interop; the logistics wouldn't be the same, though I still expect it to be difficult.
> I imagine Rust has features which can not be translated into Go's assembly
Why would there be? Go’s assembly might be lacking ways to make them optimally efficient, but that’s probably a given either way without an optimizing compiler backend.
Ditto. C# gets a bad rap due to its Windows-exclusive history, but it's now cross platform and has most of the features PL nerds are looking for. Strict nulls, pattern matching, a really mature and easy to use async ecosystem (it invented async/await), even a lot of the low level stuff is there (unsafe{} blocks ala rust and manual memory management where needed).
Go has an awesome runtime, but at the same time has a very limited typesystem, and is missing features like exhaustive pattern matching, adts and uninitted values in structs.
Support for Go third-party packages is not part of this first release, but the tooling to generate bindings for Go packages (which enables imports from the Go stdlib) is already in place[1]. Extending it to support third-party packages is on the roadmap.
In my experience, what's actually nice is the correctness. The low-levelness is not helpful for most of the software I write, and imposes a constant burden.
Rust, of course superbly achieves its goals within its niche! But it is a niche, is my meaning here.
What I actually want is code that's correct, but ergonomic to write. So my ideal language (as strange as it sounds) would be Rust with a GC.
I don't want to worry about what string type I'm using. I want it to just work. But I want it to work correctly.
Lisette looks like it's in this exact category! It seems to combine the best aspects of both Rust and Go, which is a very promising endeavour. I'll have to take a proper look :)
Did MoonBit add support for some kind of shared memory concurrency like threads? I remember discovering the language, being very excited about it, and then learning it is single-threaded, which makes it a poor replacement for Rust IMHO.
OCaml has a lot of other cons though that Rust doesn't have. I would definitely pick Rust over OCaml even for projects that can tolerate a runtime with GC pauses. (And clearly most people agree.)
The ecosystem. The language is lovely, but dune/opam is not up to the standard of the Go or Rust build systems, and the set of useful libraries is somewhat skewed. Whenever I write a program in Caml, I gain an hour thanks to the nice language, and then lose two fighting with dune/opam.
There's also the support for concurrency and parallelism, which has started to improve recently, but is still years behind what is available in Go (but still better in my opinion than what is available in Rust).
For example, multicore OCaml is not free of race conditions.
The GC, while super efficient (pauses are in the milliseconds), is not suitable for hard realtime.
Still, where absolute max performance or realtime are not required, I'd choose OCaml as it is elegant & a pleasure to code in (personal opinion, ymmv).
Poor windows support, confusing and buggy tooling (yeah really), mediocre documentation, global type inference, weird obsession with linked lists leading to performance gotchas, difficult syntax (yeah really), small community.
I can expand on any of those if you disagree with them.
I don't think being low level is the main innovation, really. There are several things Rust did right over traditional ML. Explicitly caring about learnability and the "weirdness budget". Having great error messages that don't require a course in category theory (many ML) or 800kB of scrollback buffer (C++) to understand.
Having great tools. Excellent documentation. Being friendly to new users.
Yes, it's also a systems language without a runtime. But that's not the novel part. You could write horrors in C++ that approximate ML even without language support. There are eldritch libraries where some kind of pattern matching is done via generic lambdas.
The main difference is developper UX. Good tools, good error messages, quality of life. The novelty is making ML not painful.
> Yes, it's also a systems language without a runtime. But that's not the novel part.
Low level strong correctness was absolutely a novel part. In fact it’s exactly why many people glommed onto early rust, and why it was lowered on the stack.
Although learnability and weirdness budgets were also extremely novel in low level contexts which had been subsumed by C and C++.
> horrors in C++
Yes, horrors in C++. Half baked jerry-rigged and barely usable nonsense. Not an industrial strength langage with a reliable type system and a strong focus on safety through types.
50 years of computing have proved pretty conclusively that less than that is wishful thinking at best. Large C++ programs, even with massive amounts of resources and tooling, can’t even get memory management correct.
It looks like more of a Rust-y way to write Go rather than a Go-ish way to run Rust. So I think the question is more about if you would choose it for something you're choosing Go for today, rather than for something you're choosing Rust for today.
No, this is actually nice to be honest. It's not a step backwards imo.
if I can incorporate Lisette into my golang projects for example, (Invoking rust code within Golang to me feels like a larger problem and Invoking C might be easier from my tinkering experiments) I feel like you are viewing this from a pure performance metric but to be honest, most things aren't necessary to be the fastest, the type system of rust/rust-alike languages can be beneficial to people as-it-is
Check out gleam, its based on erlang so it has a runtime involved, people love gleam because it gives them a bit more expressiveness in the type system from what I've heard.
I feel like these experiments are genuinely nice, Also perhaps a project like this can then slowly also invoke tinyGo (there was a recent discussion about it too) and could be compiled into tinyGo in future iterations to have no runtime essentially as well. People who love rust, love it, but most people really find it hard to get-into as compared to golang, I really love golang for its simplicity but I wish to tinker with rust too, so if Lisette combines both of these things and atleast makes me familiar with more rust without having to jump into too many hoops
Love the idea of bringing Rust ergonomics to the Go runtime. As someone currently building infra-automation tools (Dockit), the trade-off between Rust's safety and Go's simplicity is always a hot topic. This project addresses it in a very cool way. Will definitely follow the development
Go syntax and the Go runtime would be the perfect combo for me. Oh well...
I love Rust for what it is, but for most of my projects, I can’t justify the added complexity. Sure, there are a bunch of things I miss from the Rust world when I’m working on large-scale distsys services in Go, but introducing Rust in that space would be a recipe for disaster.
I guess the Go team knows that if they start adding everyone’s favorite Rust features, the language would become unrecognizable. So we’re not getting terser error-handling syntax or enums. Having union types would be nice too.
But I work in platform engineering, so my needs are quite different from someone writing business logic in Go. I understand that having a more expressive syntax is nice when you’re writing complex business code, but in reality, that almost always comes with a complexity/fragility tradeoff. That’s part of the reason no one wants to use Rust to write their business logic, despite it being so much more expressive.
For distsys, programming ergonomics matter far less compared to robustness and introspectability. So the Go runtime with Go syntax is perfect for this. But of course, that’s not true for all use cases.
Sorry for the rant - completely uncalled for. This is a cool project nonetheless :)
borrowing syntax from rust is not what i like to read. Reading Rust code always gives me VisualBasic vibes. In VB you also declare variables like: dim a as Integer. and use let a=a+1
I've chatted a bit with the author, but not actually tried the language. It looks very interesting, and a clear improvement. I'm not particularly quiet about not liking Go[1].
I do think there may be a limit to how far it can be improved, though. Like typed nil means that a variable of an interface type (say coming from pure Go code) should enter Lisette as Option<Option<http.Handler>>. Sure, one can match on Some(Some(h)) to not require two unwrapping steps, but it becomes a bit awkward anyway. (note: this double-Option is not a thing in Lisette at least as of now)
Lisette also doesn't remove the need to call defer (as opposed to RAII) in the very awkward way Go does. E.g. de facto requiring that you double-close on any file opened for write.
Typescript helps write javascript, but that's because until WASM there was no other language option to actually run in the browser. So even typescript would be a harder sell now that WASM can do it. Basically, why try to make Go more like Rust when Rust is right there? And fair enough, the author may be aiming for somewhere in between. And then there's the issue of existing codebases; not everything is greenfield.
So this seems best suited for existing Go codebases, or when one (for some reason) wants to use the Go runtime (which sure, it's at least nicer than the Java runtime), but with a better language. And it does look like a better language.
So I guess what's not obvious to me (and I mentioned this to the author) is what's the quick start guide to having the next file be in Lisette and not Go. I don't think this is a flaw, but just a matter of filling in some blanks.
[1] https://blog.habets.se/2025/07/Go-is-still-not-good.html
Golang does have a lot of weird flaws/gotchas, but as a language target for a compiler (transpiler) it's actually pretty great!
Syntax is simple and small without too many weird/confusing features, it's cross platform, has a great runtime and GC out of the box, "errors as values" so you can build whatever kind of error mechanism you want on top, green threading, speedy AOT compiler. Footguns that apply when writing Go don't apply so much when just using it as a compile target.
I've been writing a tiny toy functional language targeting Go and it's been really fun.
Go's defer is generally good, but it interacts weirdly with error handling (huge wart on Go language design) and has weird scoping rules (function scoped instead of scope scoped).
> Basically, why try to make Go more like Rust when Rust is right there?
Go gives you access to a compute- and memory-efficient concurrent GC that has few or no equivalents elsewhere. It's a great platform for problem domains where GC is truly essential (fiddling with spaghetti-like reference graphs), even though you're giving up the enormous C-FFI ecosystem (unless you use Cgo, which is not really Go in a sense) due to the incompatibilities introduced by Go's weird user-mode stackful fibers approach.
> Basically, why try to make Go more like Rust when Rust is right there?
The avg developer moves a lot faster in a GC language. I recently tried making a chatbot in both Rust and Python, and even with some experience in Rust I was much faster in Python.
Go is also great for making quick lil CLI things like this https://github.com/sa-/wordle-tui
No doubt a chatbot would be built faster if using a less strict language. It wasn't until I started working on larger Python codebases (written by good programmers) that I went "oh no, now I see how this is not an appropriate language".
Similar to how even smaller problems are better suited for just writing a bash script.
When you can have the whole program basically in your head, you don't need the guardrails that prevent problems. Similar to how it's easy to keep track of object ownership with pointers in a small and simple C program. There's no fixed size after which you can no longer say "there are no dangling pointers in this C program". (but it's probably smaller than the size where Python becomes a problem)
My experience writing TUI in Go and Rust has been much better in Rust. Though to be fair, the Go TUI libraries may have improved a lot by now, since my Go TUI experience is older than me playing with Rust's ratatui.
I've also found that traversing a third-party codebase in Python is extremely frustrating and requires lots of manual work (with PyCharm) whereas with Rust, it's just 'Go to definition/implementation' every time from the IDE (RustRover). The strong typing is a huge plus when trying to understand code you didn't write (and I'm not talking LLM-generated).
> moves a lot faster in a GC language
Only in the old "move fast and break things" sense. RAII augmented with modern borrow checking is not really any syntactically heavier than GC, and the underlying semantics of memory allocations and lifecycles is something that you need to be aware of for good design. There are some exceptions (problems that must be modeled with general reference graphs, where the "lifecycle" becomes indeterminate and GC is thus essential) but they'll be quite clear anyway.
> Only in the old "move fast and break things" sense
No, definitely not only in that sense. GC is a boon to productivity no matter how you slice it, for projects of all sizes.
I think the idea that this is not the case, perhaps stems from the fact that Rust specifically has a better type system than Java specifically, so that becomes the default comparison. But not every GC language is Java. They don't all have lax type systems where you have to tiptoe around nulls. Many are quite strict and are definitely not "move fast and break things" type if languages.
Rust does have GC in external crates, one was used for implementing Lua in Rust.
A Lua interpreter written in Rust+GC makes a lot of sense.
A simplified Rust-like language written in, and compiling to, Rust+GC makes a lot of sense too.
A simplified language written in Rust and compiling to Go is a no-go.
Well if you think Java doesn't have a sufficiently good type system, then surely Go is even further from one?
Not saying those are the only two GC languages, just circling back to the post spawning these comments.
From your blog entry:
> Go was not satisfied with one billion dollar mistake, so they decided to have two flavors of NULL
Thanks for raising this kind of things in such a comprehensible way.
Now what I don't understand is that TypeScript, even if it was something to make JavaScript more bearable, didn't fix this! TS is even worse in this regard. And yet no one seems to care in the NodeJS ecosystem.
<selfPromotion>That's why I created my own Option type package in NPM in case it's useful for anyone: https://www.npmjs.com/package/fp-sdk </selfPromotion>
TypeScript tried to accurately model (and expose to language services) the actual behavior of JS with regards to null/undefined. In its early days, TypeScript got a lot of reflexive grief for attempting to make JS not JS. Had the TS team attempted to pave over null/undefined rather than modeling it with the best fidelity they could at the time, I think these criticisms would have been more on the mark.
ReasonML / Melange / Rescript are a wholistic approach to this: The issue with stapling an option or result type into Typescript is that your colleagues and LLMs won't used it (ask me how I know).
how do you know?
You can enable null safety in TypeScript, seems like a pretty good fix to me.
Where did we lose you? we're talking about two flavours of null, not one.
Its mediocre at best. Like in maths, how would i feel if addition would sometime actully be division. Thats hiw bad it is.
Your readme would really benefit from code snippets illustrating the library. The context it currently contains is valuable but it’s more what I’d expect at the bottom of the readme as something more like historical context for why you wrote it.
Yup, in my TODO list (I've only recently published this package). For now you can just check the tests, or a SO answer I wrote a while ago (before I published the idea as an npm package): https://stackoverflow.com/a/78937127/544947
"A typed nil pointer is not a nil pointer."
How would TS fix null in JS without violating its core principles of adhering to EcmaScript standards and being a superset of JS?
Maybe spit warnings when undefined is used? In the same way it does for when you use typeScript in a type-loose way.
But yeah it's a fair point. Sometimes I think I should just write my own lang (a subset of typescript), in the same fashion that Lisette dev has done.
You can already do this with strict type checking enabled and the NonNullable type.
You can't enforce it in any normal codebase because null is used extensively in the third party libraries you'll have to use for most projects.
Rust's async story is much less ergonomic than go's -- mostly because of lack of garbage collection. That might be a good reason by itself?
Does Go actually have an async story? I know that question risks starting a semantic debate, so let me be more specific.
Go allows creating lightweight threads to the point where it's a good pattern to just spin off goroutines left and right to your heart's content. That's more of a concurrency primitive than async. Sure, you combine it with a channel, and you've created an async future.
The explicit passing of contexts is interesting. I initially thought it would be awkward, but it works well in practice. Except of course when you need to call a blocking API that doesn't take context.
And in environments where you can run a multitasking runtime, that's pretty cool. Rust's async is more ambitious, but has its drawbacks.
Go's concurrency story (I wouldn't call it an async story) is way more yolo, as is the rest of the Go language. And in my experience that Go yolo tends to blow up in more hilarious ways once the system is complex enough.
For one, I am glad I don't have to color my functions like your typical async.
I agree that this is the big problem with Rust's async story.
But like I said, in my opinion this compares with Go not having an async story at all.
Go's async story is great, as there is no function coloring at all. That being said, I don't like Go's syntax very much. The runtime is great though.
Before typescript we had Haxe, and its still a "better language". But i guess marketing won, and worse it better. Shrug.
There are several languages that compile to Go, trying to be a better a Go. Off the top of my head: XGo (https://github.com/goplus), Borgo (https://github.com/borgo-lang/borgo), Soppo (https://github.com/halcyonnouveau/soppo)...
Both Borgo and now Lisette seem to act as though (T, error) returns are equivalent to a Result<T, error> sum type, but this is not semantically valid in all cases. The io.Reader interface's Read method, for example, specifies not only that (n!=0, io.EOF) is a valid return pattern, but moreover that it is not even an error condition, just a terminal condition. If you treat the two return values as mutually exclusive, you either can't see that you're supposed to stop reading, or you can't see that some number of valid bytes were placed into the buffer. This is probably well known enough to be handled specifically, but other libraries have been known to make creative use of the non-exclusivity in multiple return values too.
To be fair, I feel like the language is widely criticized for this particular choice and it's not a pattern you tend to see with newer APIs.
It's a really valid FFI concern though! And I feel like superset languages like this live or die on their ability to be integrated smoothly side-by-side with the core language (F#, Scala, Kotlin, Typescript, Rescript)
You are right, and thank you for pointing this out. I've opened an issue:
https://github.com/ivov/lisette/issues/12
I have a few approaches in mind and will be addressing this soon.
To be honest you could easily mark this as an additional (adt) type if that suits you better. Its a halting situation no matter how you twist it.
How do compile errors propagate back from the target language to the source language?
They are not supposed to produce code that doesn't compile, why would they?
Debugger positions on the other hand are a pain with these things.
Uh yes, that's what I meant ;)
In C/C++ you have the #line preprocessor directive. It would be nice if Go had something similar.
Go has apparently got //line directives, and this project uses them.
Looks great.
But I can't help wondering:
If it is similar to Rust why not make it the the same as Rust where it feature-matches?
Why import "foo.bar" instead of use foo::bar?
Why Bar.Baz => instead of Bar::Baz =>? What are you achieving here?
Why make it subtlety different so someone who knows Rust has to learn yet another language?
And someone who doesn't know Rust learns a language that is different enough that the knowledge doesn't transfer to writing Rust 1:1/naturally?
Also: int but float64?
Edit: typos
I switch between languages a lot and I'm currently learning PHP. I've found that syntax similarities can be a hazard. I see "function" and I think I'm writing JavaScript, but then I try to concatenate strings with "+" and I realize I'm actually writing PHP and need to use ".". These challenges are especially noticeable in the early days of learning.
These are just syntax differences, which not only are easy to learn but I believe aren't the primary goal of the language, which is to bring the benefits of Rust's type system to Go.
As for int and float64, this comes from Go's number type names. There's int, int64, and float64, but no float. It's similar to how Rust has isize but no fsize.
> It's similar to how Rust has isize but no fsize.
isize is the type for signed memory offsets, fsize is completely nonsensical.
Same. I started writing a high level Rust that was based on typescript.
Then realized Rust wasn't that hard.
Writing actual Rust for any GC language (including Golang) would ultimately be quite weird. You'd have to entirely change the way memory is modeled, to account for the restrictions GC introduces. It's similar to the restrictions introduced by having multiple address spaces, except even weirder because every object is its own tiny address space and a reference is just an address space descriptor.
Because it's inspired by Rust, but doesn't try to be Rust? And it's aimed at Go developers?
Yea I think this is targeted at Go devs. Im in the target audience and I like it, not sure id ever use it, but I like it.
Rust devs continued belief that they're the center of the universe is amusing.
Its rust like. There is no borrow checking etc. Rust syntax is verbose so why copy it nilly willy when you dont need to.
Look at gleam, its a fresh take on nice dxp
I think "Because (the dev) prefers it that way" is a satisfactory answer. Often, these small languages don't aim to be used in production and become the next big thing. They're made for fun and exploration's sake.
This seems awesome. Seems to address many of my armchair complaints about both Go (inexpensive) and Rust (bloated/complex).
I'm curious what compilation times are like? Are there theoretical reasons it'd be order of magnitude slower than Go? I assume it does much less than the rust compiler...
Relatedly, I'd be curious to see some of the things from Rust this doesn't include, ideally in the docs. Eg I assume borrow checking, various data types, maybe async etc are intentionally omitted?
Really nice work on this. The error messages alone show a lot of care, the "help" hints feel genuinely useful, not just compiler noise.
I'm curious about the compiled Go output though. The Result desugaring gets pretty verbose, which is totally fine for generated code, but when something breaks at runtime you're probably reading Go, not Lisette. Does the LSP handle mapping errors back to source positions?
Also wondering about calling Lisette from existing Go code (not just the other direction). That feels like the hard part for adoption in a mixed codebase.
Is the goal here to eventually be production-ready or is it more of a language design exploration? Either way it's a cool project.
Thanks for your kind words :)
The CLI command `lis run` supports a `--debug` flag to insert `//line source.lis:21:5` directives into the generated Go, so stack traces from runtime errors point back to the original Lisette source positions. The LSP handles compile-time errors, which reference `.lis` files by definition.
Calling Lisette from existing Go is not yet supported and is the harder direction, as you noted. This is on my mind, but the more immediate priority is enabling users to import any Go third-party package from Lisette.
Lisette began as an exploration, but I intend to make it production-ready.
I noticed the project is less than a month old, and you've generated over 300k lines of code here. I'm guessing most of this was written by agents, yes?
I'm asking because your goal is to make it production ready, so what are you doing to assure people this is more than just another vibe coded language (of which there are countless examples by now)?
Thanks for asking! The core of the compiler should be close to 50k LoC, with most of the rest being tests. The project is much older than git history suggests - I started a fresh repository for the initial release after several months of experiments and false starts to find the right direction. LLMs certainly helped e.g. with mechanical tasks like generating tests and refactors where changes cascaded throughout the pipeline, and I also relied on them to understand Hindley-Milner type inference, Lindig for the formatter, and Maranget for exhaustiveness checking.
Thanks for the response but I'm sorry to say it's not reassuring, but does more to worry me because you didn't answer the question.
Like I said, these LLM-driven language projects have proliferated recently, and they follow a common pattern:
- Dump hundreds of thousands of lines of lines into a blank repo with a new repo.
- Throw up a polished-looking LLM generated website (they all look the same).
- Post about the project on a bunch of tech sites like HN.
- Claim it's a real project with deep roots despite there being no evidence.
Here's another one:
https://www.reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/1sa1a...
These things are so common that r/programminglanguages had to ban them, because they were being posted constantly. So my concern is: what differentiates your project from the sea of others exactly like it, which as I've been following them? Usually the main dev grows bored with it quickly when the agent starts having trouble building features and the project is silently abandoned.
Abandoned open-source projects with poor code quality are nothing new.
The merits of any project are yours to evaluate.
To me, I see some encouraging thoughtfulness here. However, again, it's true most projects like this don't achieve liftoff.
I'd always liked the Go runtime but the language is pretty clunky imo and I don't think they will ever improve it (because they don't think anything is wrong with it). However, you have to really dislike the language to use a transpiler.
Something that I don't understand about Rust, or these rustylangs, is the insistence of separating structs and methods. Don't get me wrong, I like named-impl blocks, but why are they the only option? Why can't I put an unnamed-impl block inside the struct? Or better yet just define methods on the struct? What's the point of this and why do these rustylangs never seem to change this?
There are several reasons.
1. Struct fields are really important in Rust because of auto-traits. Your life as a Rust programmer is easier if all fields fit on the screen, because one of them may be the reason your struct is `!Sync` or whatever.
2. Impl blocks can have different generic bounds from the struct itself, which is a nice shorthand for repeating the same generic bounds for a series of related methods. So you need to be able to write multiple per type anyway. It would he confusing if there was an “implied” impl block to look for as well.
3. It helps emphasize that Rust is a language that wants you to think about the shape of your data.
Dunno. Impl block are very similar to Go methods. I dont think one if better than the other.
This is what go should have been, instead of a mess it is today
A programming language similar to Python that compiles to Rust or Go will be amazing.
Mojo is a language with Pythonic syntax that compiles to fast machine code built by the creator of Swift: https://www.modular.com/open-source/mojo
Hold up... did I miss something, is Mojo open sourced now?
Edit: No it is still not open source. There are still same promises of open sourcing eventually, but there is no source despite the URL and the website claiming it's an open language. What's "open" here is "MAX AI kernels", not Mojo. They refer to this as "750k lines of open source code" https://github.com/modular/modular/tree/main/max/kernels
This feels icky to me.
The compiler will be open-sourced in a few months.
At this point, it might be moot. Too many people are assuming it's still a closed-source thing and will dismiss it.
Due to the closed source nature, every mojo announcement I see I think "whatever, next"
If the actual intent is to open-source, just do it, dump out whatever you have into a repo, call it 'beta'
There is a question of what benefit would it bring even if its open sourced?
Static python can transpile to mojo. I haven't seen an argument on what concepts can only be expressed in mojo and not static python?
Borrow checker? For sure. But I'm not convinced most people need it.
Mojo therefore is a great intermediate programming language to transpile to. Same level of abstraction as golang and rust.
Nim looks a lot like Python with a first-class type system and compiles to many different targets, including wasm and C.
Spy (https://github.com/spylang/spy) is an early version of this kind of thing. I believe it compiles to C though, kinda like Nim. Actually speaking of Nim, that's probably the most mature language in this space, although it's less pythonic than Spy
Static python as described in this skill.
https://github.com/py2many/static-python-skill
Here you are. https://github.com/google/grumpy
Last commit was 9 years ago though, so targets Python 2.7.
Amazing people still keep discovering it. And google search fails to surface working implementations.
"Python to rust transpiler" -> pyrs (py2many is a successor) "Python to go transpiler" -> pytago
Grumpy was written around a time when people thought golang would replace python. Google stopped supporting it a decade ago.
Even the 2022 project by a high school student got more SEO
https://github.com/py2many/py2many/issues/518
F# is very similar to python because it's based on indentation instead of curly braces. And with Fable you can transpile it to Rust (or Python even): https://github.com/fable-compiler/fable
What benefit would it bring? There's already https://cython.org/
Cython uses C-API. This one doesn't.
You want to use the Go runtime for example
I'm wondering about the logistics of making this integrate with Go at the assembly/object file level rather than at source code level. What if it compiled to Go's assembly rather than to Go source code
Having explored that approach (†), I can tell that generating Go assembly is harder than it seems.
†: I've tried to transpile Rust code through WASM into Go assembly, and I've also explored how to inject trampolines into Go binaries (which involves generating Go assembly too).
That is interesting, but I imagine Rust has features which can not be translated into Go's assembly. This language is specifically designed for Go interop; the logistics wouldn't be the same, though I still expect it to be difficult.
> I imagine Rust has features which can not be translated into Go's assembly
Why would there be? Go’s assembly might be lacking ways to make them optimally efficient, but that’s probably a given either way without an optimizing compiler backend.
Well that's why I decided to go C# for general purpose stuff
Ditto. C# gets a bad rap due to its Windows-exclusive history, but it's now cross platform and has most of the features PL nerds are looking for. Strict nulls, pattern matching, a really mature and easy to use async ecosystem (it invented async/await), even a lot of the low level stuff is there (unsafe{} blocks ala rust and manual memory management where needed).
Could large data types be problematic for the prelude types Option/Result/Tuple? They don't store as pointer and every receiver is by value.
I’m sold just for proper enumeration support.
This is great news for those of us looking for baby names. So far my list includes: Pascal, Ada, Dylan, Crystal, Lisa, Julia, Ruby, and now Lisette.
Horrible news for me, I quite like the idea and syntax, but it also reminds me of my wife which I am currently divorcing.
Not sure I'd like the constant reminder.
Go has an awesome runtime, but at the same time has a very limited typesystem, and is missing features like exhaustive pattern matching, adts and uninitted values in structs.
Lisette brings you the best of both worlds.
I've read the entire page and still don't know whether or not I can import Go modules in this language, which seems rather important
The first example suggests yes.
Really? Almost every example imports something from Go, and it states "interoperability with the Go ecosystem" (or similar, from memory).
That isn’t the same thing. Indeed, upon reading further, it appears there is no way to import non-stdlib go modules.
Support for Go third-party packages is not part of this first release, but the tooling to generate bindings for Go packages (which enables imports from the Go stdlib) is already in place[1]. Extending it to support third-party packages is on the roadmap.
[1] https://github.com/ivov/lisette/blob/main/tools/bindgen/READ...
For "classic" Rust what's actually nice is that no runtime is needed, so this looks like a step backwards.
What would be actually nice is running async Rust on the Go green threads runtime.
In my experience, what's actually nice is the correctness. The low-levelness is not helpful for most of the software I write, and imposes a constant burden.
Rust, of course superbly achieves its goals within its niche! But it is a niche, is my meaning here.
What I actually want is code that's correct, but ergonomic to write. So my ideal language (as strange as it sounds) would be Rust with a GC.
I don't want to worry about what string type I'm using. I want it to just work. But I want it to work correctly.
Lisette looks like it's in this exact category! It seems to combine the best aspects of both Rust and Go, which is a very promising endeavour. I'll have to take a proper look :)
MoonBit [0] is the best/future complete/active “rust with gc”.
[0] https://www.moonbitlang.com
Did MoonBit add support for some kind of shared memory concurrency like threads? I remember discovering the language, being very excited about it, and then learning it is single-threaded, which makes it a poor replacement for Rust IMHO.
You can use Ocaml today and achieve all the correctness
> all the correctness
When did OCaml get affine types? Or unique references?
https://oxcaml.org/
OCaml has a lot of other cons though that Rust doesn't have. I would definitely pick Rust over OCaml even for projects that can tolerate a runtime with GC pauses. (And clearly most people agree.)
What cons?
The ecosystem. The language is lovely, but dune/opam is not up to the standard of the Go or Rust build systems, and the set of useful libraries is somewhat skewed. Whenever I write a program in Caml, I gain an hour thanks to the nice language, and then lose two fighting with dune/opam.
There's also the support for concurrency and parallelism, which has started to improve recently, but is still years behind what is available in Go (but still better in my opinion than what is available in Rust).
For example, multicore OCaml is not free of race conditions. The GC, while super efficient (pauses are in the milliseconds), is not suitable for hard realtime.
Still, where absolute max performance or realtime are not required, I'd choose OCaml as it is elegant & a pleasure to code in (personal opinion, ymmv).
Poor windows support, confusing and buggy tooling (yeah really), mediocre documentation, global type inference, weird obsession with linked lists leading to performance gotchas, difficult syntax (yeah really), small community.
I can expand on any of those if you disagree with them.
There are an endless number of modern MLs that do the same thing. That's not a novelty - Rust was novel in making it part of a low-level language.
I don't think being low level is the main innovation, really. There are several things Rust did right over traditional ML. Explicitly caring about learnability and the "weirdness budget". Having great error messages that don't require a course in category theory (many ML) or 800kB of scrollback buffer (C++) to understand.
Having great tools. Excellent documentation. Being friendly to new users.
Yes, it's also a systems language without a runtime. But that's not the novel part. You could write horrors in C++ that approximate ML even without language support. There are eldritch libraries where some kind of pattern matching is done via generic lambdas.
The main difference is developper UX. Good tools, good error messages, quality of life. The novelty is making ML not painful.
> Yes, it's also a systems language without a runtime. But that's not the novel part.
Low level strong correctness was absolutely a novel part. In fact it’s exactly why many people glommed onto early rust, and why it was lowered on the stack.
Although learnability and weirdness budgets were also extremely novel in low level contexts which had been subsumed by C and C++.
> horrors in C++
Yes, horrors in C++. Half baked jerry-rigged and barely usable nonsense. Not an industrial strength langage with a reliable type system and a strong focus on safety through types.
Memory safety is not the same a scorrectness and more advanced type is also not the same thing as correctness.
50 years of computing have proved pretty conclusively that less than that is wishful thinking at best. Large C++ programs, even with massive amounts of resources and tooling, can’t even get memory management correct.
That Rust gives you correctness is very misleading claim.
These are all great qualities of rust, but they would not have been enough to make a dent.
Being memory safe without being managed is what makes rust a truly novel and interesting language for which it rightfully gets the hype.
It looks like more of a Rust-y way to write Go rather than a Go-ish way to run Rust. So I think the question is more about if you would choose it for something you're choosing Go for today, rather than for something you're choosing Rust for today.
No, this is actually nice to be honest. It's not a step backwards imo.
if I can incorporate Lisette into my golang projects for example, (Invoking rust code within Golang to me feels like a larger problem and Invoking C might be easier from my tinkering experiments) I feel like you are viewing this from a pure performance metric but to be honest, most things aren't necessary to be the fastest, the type system of rust/rust-alike languages can be beneficial to people as-it-is
Check out gleam, its based on erlang so it has a runtime involved, people love gleam because it gives them a bit more expressiveness in the type system from what I've heard.
I feel like these experiments are genuinely nice, Also perhaps a project like this can then slowly also invoke tinyGo (there was a recent discussion about it too) and could be compiled into tinyGo in future iterations to have no runtime essentially as well. People who love rust, love it, but most people really find it hard to get-into as compared to golang, I really love golang for its simplicity but I wish to tinker with rust too, so if Lisette combines both of these things and atleast makes me familiar with more rust without having to jump into too many hoops
Looks beautiful! Any plans to make it self compile?
On the surface this looks great. Seems to hit the sweet spot in a lot of areas.
I know it is Rust inspired, but why write it in Rust and not Go?
Because it offers things where Go today doesn’t and never will?
Love the idea of bringing Rust ergonomics to the Go runtime. As someone currently building infra-automation tools (Dockit), the trade-off between Rust's safety and Go's simplicity is always a hot topic. This project addresses it in a very cool way. Will definitely follow the development
Go syntax and the Go runtime would be the perfect combo for me. Oh well...
I love Rust for what it is, but for most of my projects, I can’t justify the added complexity. Sure, there are a bunch of things I miss from the Rust world when I’m working on large-scale distsys services in Go, but introducing Rust in that space would be a recipe for disaster.
I guess the Go team knows that if they start adding everyone’s favorite Rust features, the language would become unrecognizable. So we’re not getting terser error-handling syntax or enums. Having union types would be nice too.
But I work in platform engineering, so my needs are quite different from someone writing business logic in Go. I understand that having a more expressive syntax is nice when you’re writing complex business code, but in reality, that almost always comes with a complexity/fragility tradeoff. That’s part of the reason no one wants to use Rust to write their business logic, despite it being so much more expressive.
For distsys, programming ergonomics matter far less compared to robustness and introspectability. So the Go runtime with Go syntax is perfect for this. But of course, that’s not true for all use cases.
Sorry for the rant - completely uncalled for. This is a cool project nonetheless :)
Oh look, a better syntax than the Go team could design!
Nuh uh
Please commit your CLAUDE.md
Looks a lot like Swift! Awesome!
Eats shoots and leaves.
borrowing syntax from rust is not what i like to read. Reading Rust code always gives me VisualBasic vibes. In VB you also declare variables like: dim a as Integer. and use let a=a+1