I don't know, this seems like an idea that maybe works in a specific context being generalized past the point of the original idea making sense.
If the user needs to download a specific application to run this these web apps, then why not just send them that initial application in the first place? Why jump through the hoops of using Capsule when the same hoops can be jumped through to get to the same endpoint?
If this was a near-universally adopted application, then it'd make sense. But it's not, and the closest thing we have to that are browsers... which already do what you're describing?
Bundling data with the application makes sense, but is also only appropriate in pretty narrow circumstances. If I'm willing to ship my data with the web app, then I'll just embed the data in the HTML file. If the expectation is that the user will modify this data, then I don't think I'd want to ship it like this.
My take: If your app needs to update and preserve state (using SQLite or any other DB), it is probably not something you want to pass around as a bundled file.
Or at least, it's extremely limiting, compared with hosting it somewhere on the web, which is not that hard to do these days.
Think of the workflow: Any time the state changes, you need to email a new Capsule file to whoever else is using the app. And one would think the state would change at least occasionally, because otherwise there's little reason to use a DB.
Alternatively, you can just host it on the web, the DB state dynamically updates, and it's automatically available to anyone with app access. Isn't that a lot simpler?
You’re glossing over the recurring cost and annoyance of dealing with the hosting and having to secure the data. This way you just share and it’s local.
Sure, if you have to share data between people, your points are valid. But this seems like a way to build apps geared for individual users, like a notes or recipes app.
It kinda reminds me of MS Access, which ended up being a pain in the butt for IT departments, but also covered a need within some department with limited resources.
Really curious to see where this goes. Do you plan to open-source the client, or simply make the file specification open when stabilized?
I love this idea! One of the fallouts from widespread AI adoption that I've seen: They're very good at creating visual artifacts, but if you ever have to provide data in those artifacts, you don't really have a great way to share it without hard coding it.
> One downside with this approach is that multiple people working on it will create different copies. To make it possible to merge different copies of the same file, each data entry has a unique UUID and timestamp.
This was the first thing that popped up in my mind: Changes stemming from two sources and reconciling them. I see that you have a statement about how to handle data entry from different sources, but I don't see exactly how those are reconciled? For instance, if two users have a copy of the .capsule and make changes, then want to share their changes with the other, you have two individual .capsules with different data.
Each document record is saved with UUID and timestamps. When deleting a record the data is removed but the record keeps a tombstone so only the ID remains. For conflicts currently the newest one is used, but there will be a merge like UI in the future to confirm which one to use.
I wish there was a way to see the underlying HTML/JS and schema of these container files. Maybe you can on the desktop app? But it would be cool to see what's happening under the hood.
Do you have any plans to do merging of two versions of the same app? E.g. I send a todo list to someone, they mark some things as done and send it back to me. Will that merge into my copy if I've added some more items or would it open as a "fresh" app?
You can get a cheap approximation of this with chromium browsers + Filesystem API and a PWA manifest for that native-ish feel. AI has reignited my interest in building based 100% on browser native features.
If you want to distribute apps to many users this would probably be a better solution. The main benefit of Capsule is the personal document like app. You create a capsule, move it to an USB stick, save it in your cloud storage and it's still the same document. Nothing has changed, not the UI, not the data. The document will stay the same.
If it’s web native, anyone can just use it. If it’s a capsule, they first need to download the capsule app to associate the file extension with the OS and have it launch, right?
That feels like a big barrier, almost like a Java runtime.
In defense of capsule, the Filesystem API is janky and has kind of shit UX. Less sophisticated users would probably prefer the UX of a purpose built tool.
I prefer worse UX for the sake of standards and zero install, but many people would prefer the opposite. I don't think Capsule is intended for the HN crowd.
This is a really cool and practical idea! Some of my first professional efforts out of college were writing Python mini-apps with Tkinter to replace "abused" Excel spreadsheets. One of my friends working in sales might benefit from something like this, I'll send it his way.
I don't know about the stability/market value of this if you intend to turn this into something that attempts to make money, however. Said friend is currently using stuff like Gemini to generate HTML mini-apps as well; while he's not storing anything in databases, he's able to generate receipts and other things for essentially free.
With the battle of AI versus human agency raging I have a prediction that local-first desktop apps are going to make a comeback. It's nice to see something like this make it easier.
In preparation for the upcoming [Android lockdown](https://keepandroidopen.org/) I've started vibe-coding some PWAs for apps that I like so I can have a webby version of them with no ads and no Google/iOS lock-in. I like this, it feels like a good direction.
I agree and would love to see a shift back to what we had circa ~2009-2010: high quality, desktop and platform-specific apps that you could just pay for once (the best variant for everyone being an app that works indefinitely, but only receives updates if you renew your license every year).
The whole shift to SaaS has decimated software quality and has made most tasks a nightmare to complete (or at best, an obstacle course of multiple tools and "upgrades" and other bs).
This is great. Curious: this requires users to have a host app installed on their machine that can read .capsule file right? Won't that be a point of friction for distribution?
Isn't html/css a better distribution mechanism as most computers already have the tech to run them?
You'd think so, but web browsers are downright lobotomizing the ability for local HTML files to run any meaningful javascript code. Want to run a JS file from the same directory? CORS ERROR!!!!
Hence 200MB applications that are complete copies of the Chromium browser to run under 1MB of actual web code.
couldn't you just embed the js directly into the html file though? that would sidestep the CORS error. and since most of the people using a program like this are likely to be using AI to generate their ( likely throwaway ) applets anyway, readability and maintainability for the source doesn't matter as much as it would with human authors so having a separate js file doesn't bring that many advantages anyway.
Isn't that the price of a relatively well sandboxed experience by browsers?
I've experienced the same limits building small tools for myself and friends that I wanted to contain in a single HTML file without external dependencies... but I understand why the same project without these restrictions could easily become malware, and ones that could be easily propagated.
I wish the browser would either allow local-only or internet-only, then only make up its mind after the first attempted request. Fetch an image from the internet? No script access for local files. Fetch a JS from elsewhere on the hard drive? No internet access. That could provide the sandbox while still being flexible.
The problem is that you can't save the user data in way that you can click a single file, similar to a Word or Excel file. I you think a about it, a Excel spreadsheet is also just UI + data in a single file.
This is a frustration of mine as well, but I vaguely remember someone showing something on HN where the file could essentially save itself, I think they were using some file APIs for that... sadly I can't find the details anymore. But I keep running into the "HTML file opened locally can't update itself" issue repeatedly now that I build tools for myself with LLM agents.
The File System Access API can do this, and it works in local ("file:///") HTML files, but it's only currently supported in desktop Chromium browsers: https://caniuse.com/native-filesystem-api
However, every browser will let you download a new version of the HTML file and save it over the old one - yes, even from a local HTML file:
If try to do data management in Excel or need to download an app just to save some recipes, this could be an alternative. For example you can track time and billing with a nice UI without requiring a SaaS subscription. You can try some examples in https://withcapsule.app/preview
An idea for a killer feature:
Make it so that auhors can expose their capsules to the internet, and the people whoe wants to use them(lets call them users) can type the name(lets call it address) of the caplsue into the app, and your program will pull that capsule in the the users device..
This sounds like a Smalltalk image, just without the self-modifying capability, which is what makes this whole idea of code+data in a single file so appealing IMHO.
Looks useful, but the Mac download shows "“Capsule” is damaged and can’t be opened. You should eject the disk image." and then you realize it could be ripe for malicious payloads as well.
Many big companies are starting now to test agentic coding to automate business processes. This could be a nice tool to distribute apps for workflows that aren't big enough to justify the operational overhed of maintaining a traditional web app backend. Nice!
For saving data in the capsule file it would create complexity regarding migration handling when updating the HTML file to add a field to a form for example. Keeping the data schemaless makes it also easier for merging data or importing data from a CSV.
The HTML files does not have any permission to access anything on the file system. Ideally the whole app will be running inside a sandbox on desktop, for mobile apps this will be the default anyway.
This is for local document like apps. Tauri is actually using the OS webview instead of bundling Chromium like Electron. That's why the download is only 10MB for Mac.
The problem would be cross-platform support. In the end the capsule file is the standalone binary similar to a PDF or a Word document, you only need the viewer app to open any capsule file.
> but trying to save data required hosting it somewhere
With the File System Access API, webpages nowadays can read and write local files just like desktop applications:
https://developer.chrome.com/docs/capabilities/web-apis/file...
Try this text editor for example:
https://googlechromelabs.github.io/text-editor/
It works nicely on Desktop and Mobile.
My dream is that you could write to Google Drive or iCloud Drive transparently too if the browser allows you to
*In Chrome.
Looks neat. Shuffling artifacts around is more important than ever with all the agentic web sites and apps we are making.
Im finding a lot of success embedding metadata and data in SQLite files for music management.
Having a spec for a single file with a schema, version, metadata and binary blobs is super easy to shuffle around.
Agents crush reading and writing the data and writing tools around the spec.
All of a sudden things like backup, sharing and dedupe are snapping into place for my music library.
More thoughts here: https://deadca7.com/blog/deadca7-open-music-database-specifi...
I don't know, this seems like an idea that maybe works in a specific context being generalized past the point of the original idea making sense.
If the user needs to download a specific application to run this these web apps, then why not just send them that initial application in the first place? Why jump through the hoops of using Capsule when the same hoops can be jumped through to get to the same endpoint?
If this was a near-universally adopted application, then it'd make sense. But it's not, and the closest thing we have to that are browsers... which already do what you're describing?
Bundling data with the application makes sense, but is also only appropriate in pretty narrow circumstances. If I'm willing to ship my data with the web app, then I'll just embed the data in the HTML file. If the expectation is that the user will modify this data, then I don't think I'd want to ship it like this.
I've been working on this exact idea, with sqlar as the "format specification". Works in the browser, and desktop + Android using Tauri.
https://github.com/JoshTheDerf/uapp
Demo apps and games: https://thederf.com/uapp/demo/
FYI requests from your demo are being blocked by CORS in Firefox and it never loads.
My take: If your app needs to update and preserve state (using SQLite or any other DB), it is probably not something you want to pass around as a bundled file.
Or at least, it's extremely limiting, compared with hosting it somewhere on the web, which is not that hard to do these days.
Think of the workflow: Any time the state changes, you need to email a new Capsule file to whoever else is using the app. And one would think the state would change at least occasionally, because otherwise there's little reason to use a DB.
Alternatively, you can just host it on the web, the DB state dynamically updates, and it's automatically available to anyone with app access. Isn't that a lot simpler?
Why not on a shared drive like dropbox?
Concurrent editing wouldn't work, though.
> Isn't that a lot simpler?
You’re glossing over the recurring cost and annoyance of dealing with the hosting and having to secure the data. This way you just share and it’s local.
Sure, if you have to share data between people, your points are valid. But this seems like a way to build apps geared for individual users, like a notes or recipes app.
It kinda reminds me of MS Access, which ended up being a pain in the butt for IT departments, but also covered a need within some department with limited resources.
Really curious to see where this goes. Do you plan to open-source the client, or simply make the file specification open when stabilized?
I love this idea! One of the fallouts from widespread AI adoption that I've seen: They're very good at creating visual artifacts, but if you ever have to provide data in those artifacts, you don't really have a great way to share it without hard coding it.
> One downside with this approach is that multiple people working on it will create different copies. To make it possible to merge different copies of the same file, each data entry has a unique UUID and timestamp.
This was the first thing that popped up in my mind: Changes stemming from two sources and reconciling them. I see that you have a statement about how to handle data entry from different sources, but I don't see exactly how those are reconciled? For instance, if two users have a copy of the .capsule and make changes, then want to share their changes with the other, you have two individual .capsules with different data.
How do you merge them?
Each document record is saved with UUID and timestamps. When deleting a record the data is removed but the record keeps a tombstone so only the ID remains. For conflicts currently the newest one is used, but there will be a merge like UI in the future to confirm which one to use.
I wish there was a way to see the underlying HTML/JS and schema of these container files. Maybe you can on the desktop app? But it would be cool to see what's happening under the hood.
Do you have any plans to do merging of two versions of the same app? E.g. I send a todo list to someone, they mark some things as done and send it back to me. Will that merge into my copy if I've added some more items or would it open as a "fresh" app?
You can get a cheap approximation of this with chromium browsers + Filesystem API and a PWA manifest for that native-ish feel. AI has reignited my interest in building based 100% on browser native features.
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/File_System...
If you want to distribute apps to many users this would probably be a better solution. The main benefit of Capsule is the personal document like app. You create a capsule, move it to an USB stick, save it in your cloud storage and it's still the same document. Nothing has changed, not the UI, not the data. The document will stay the same.
If it’s web native, anyone can just use it. If it’s a capsule, they first need to download the capsule app to associate the file extension with the OS and have it launch, right?
That feels like a big barrier, almost like a Java runtime.
In defense of capsule, the Filesystem API is janky and has kind of shit UX. Less sophisticated users would probably prefer the UX of a purpose built tool.
I prefer worse UX for the sake of standards and zero install, but many people would prefer the opposite. I don't think Capsule is intended for the HN crowd.
how is a filesystem supposed to prevent you from doing that?
This is a really cool and practical idea! Some of my first professional efforts out of college were writing Python mini-apps with Tkinter to replace "abused" Excel spreadsheets. One of my friends working in sales might benefit from something like this, I'll send it his way.
I don't know about the stability/market value of this if you intend to turn this into something that attempts to make money, however. Said friend is currently using stuff like Gemini to generate HTML mini-apps as well; while he's not storing anything in databases, he's able to generate receipts and other things for essentially free.
With the battle of AI versus human agency raging I have a prediction that local-first desktop apps are going to make a comeback. It's nice to see something like this make it easier.
In preparation for the upcoming [Android lockdown](https://keepandroidopen.org/) I've started vibe-coding some PWAs for apps that I like so I can have a webby version of them with no ads and no Google/iOS lock-in. I like this, it feels like a good direction.
I agree and would love to see a shift back to what we had circa ~2009-2010: high quality, desktop and platform-specific apps that you could just pay for once (the best variant for everyone being an app that works indefinitely, but only receives updates if you renew your license every year).
The whole shift to SaaS has decimated software quality and has made most tasks a nightmare to complete (or at best, an obstacle course of multiple tools and "upgrades" and other bs).
I know that I personally have a handful of personal local only apps under development, that in the past I would have reached for a web solution.
This is great. Curious: this requires users to have a host app installed on their machine that can read .capsule file right? Won't that be a point of friction for distribution?
Isn't html/css a better distribution mechanism as most computers already have the tech to run them?
You'd think so, but web browsers are downright lobotomizing the ability for local HTML files to run any meaningful javascript code. Want to run a JS file from the same directory? CORS ERROR!!!!
Hence 200MB applications that are complete copies of the Chromium browser to run under 1MB of actual web code.
couldn't you just embed the js directly into the html file though? that would sidestep the CORS error. and since most of the people using a program like this are likely to be using AI to generate their ( likely throwaway ) applets anyway, readability and maintainability for the source doesn't matter as much as it would with human authors so having a separate js file doesn't bring that many advantages anyway.
Isn't that the price of a relatively well sandboxed experience by browsers?
I've experienced the same limits building small tools for myself and friends that I wanted to contain in a single HTML file without external dependencies... but I understand why the same project without these restrictions could easily become malware, and ones that could be easily propagated.
I wish the browser would either allow local-only or internet-only, then only make up its mind after the first attempted request. Fetch an image from the internet? No script access for local files. Fetch a JS from elsewhere on the hard drive? No internet access. That could provide the sandbox while still being flexible.
The problem is that you can't save the user data in way that you can click a single file, similar to a Word or Excel file. I you think a about it, a Excel spreadsheet is also just UI + data in a single file.
This is a frustration of mine as well, but I vaguely remember someone showing something on HN where the file could essentially save itself, I think they were using some file APIs for that... sadly I can't find the details anymore. But I keep running into the "HTML file opened locally can't update itself" issue repeatedly now that I build tools for myself with LLM agents.
The File System Access API can do this, and it works in local ("file:///") HTML files, but it's only currently supported in desktop Chromium browsers: https://caniuse.com/native-filesystem-api
However, every browser will let you download a new version of the HTML file and save it over the old one - yes, even from a local HTML file:
... but you need the user to do this for every update. So we're back to manual "Save" buttons.This is the approach Bento took I believe (similar idea, but just for decks): https://github.com/nyblnet/bento.
Saw it on HN a few weeks back
Technically that was more MS Access :-)
That reminds me of TiddlyWiki[1], a wiki application in the form of a single self-contained HTML file.
1: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TiddlyWiki
I imagined the capsule website would be able to either convert or directly run/open them
That's pretty cool. But who is this for? What problem does it actually solve?
How would I know if I need this, vs something else?
If try to do data management in Excel or need to download an app just to save some recipes, this could be an alternative. For example you can track time and billing with a nice UI without requiring a SaaS subscription. You can try some examples in https://withcapsule.app/preview
“Capsule.app” is damaged and can’t be opened. You should move it to the Trash.
An idea for a killer feature: Make it so that auhors can expose their capsules to the internet, and the people whoe wants to use them(lets call them users) can type the name(lets call it address) of the caplsue into the app, and your program will pull that capsule in the the users device..
Hear me out. Here is the name
PWA : Probably Web Again
wow, that sounds revolutionary.
This sounds like a Smalltalk image, just without the self-modifying capability, which is what makes this whole idea of code+data in a single file so appealing IMHO.
This seems ripe for an injection attack. Can it be inspected before running?
Looks useful, but the Mac download shows "“Capsule” is damaged and can’t be opened. You should eject the disk image." and then you realize it could be ripe for malicious payloads as well.
>>Capsule packs your entire app — UI, data, and everything — into a single portable .capsule file.
I'm having Lotus Notes flashbacks.
Is this project open source?
Many big companies are starting now to test agentic coding to automate business processes. This could be a nice tool to distribute apps for workflows that aren't big enough to justify the operational overhed of maintaining a traditional web app backend. Nice!
This sounds like the modern take on MS Access.
if state is best shared, why keep it w/ the code?
You're gonna end up having to build a complex state sync system to a central DB anyways...
What is wrong with using IndexedDB?
For saving data in the capsule file it would create complexity regarding migration handling when updating the HTML file to add a field to a form for example. Keeping the data schemaless makes it also easier for merging data or importing data from a CSV.
Doesn't indexedDB have builtin migration mechanism?
>Keeping the data schemaless makes it also easier for merging data or importing data from a CSV.
Not sure how it makes easier. There is always an implicit or explicit schema. IMHO explicit is often better.
So, let’s do Visual Basic again, but this time with LLMs and web stuff.
New way to deliver viruses just dropped! Great idea but it can be abused for sure.
The HTML files does not have any permission to access anything on the file system. Ideally the whole app will be running inside a sandbox on desktop, for mobile apps this will be the default anyway.
"No cloud. No accounts. Just share it." close tab
well that's a first
Can you elaborate a little?
It reads like the whole thing was vibe coded and 0 work was done beyond what the AI spit out.
yes yes we get it, you don't like AI ...
Really really nice
is the idea this would be hosted or run locally (like Electron)?
This is for local document like apps. Tauri is actually using the OS webview instead of bundling Chromium like Electron. That's why the download is only 10MB for Mac.
Seems very "packable into a standalone binary" but doesn't seem like that is a planned use case.
The problem would be cross-platform support. In the end the capsule file is the standalone binary similar to a PDF or a Word document, you only need the viewer app to open any capsule file.
love this idea!
Is this a durable object? /s